Wildlife in the woodland

Interactions between plants and animals may be simple one-way activities, particularly predation - animal eating plant, or two-way, animal feeding from nectar and pollinating plant. There may also be more complex interactions such as mealy bug feeding on plant, cared for by ants, while sooty mould is enhanced by mealy bug exudates. Sooty mould debilitates the plant.

Mammals have a major impact by grazing groundcover plants. Wallaroos and Swamp Wallabies are native grazing animals while rabbits have been in the Australian environment since the 1860s. The woodland has also been grazed by sheep, cattle and horses in historic times. Mammals also appear to be significant in seed dispersal. Foxes have been recorded as eating and dispersing the exotic species *Olea europea subsp. cuspidata, African Olive, and *Lycium ferocissimum, African Boxthorn. Many seeds, particularly grass seeds, may adhere to fur and be carried distances. Flying foxes, which may visit the woodland, have been reported to be pollinators of some native species.

Woodland birds are important in seed dispersal and may be involved in some pollination. Birds are reported to pollinate many native species, e.g. species of Grevillea, but these species are not native in the woodland. Plants with fleshy fruits such as Einadia nutans subsp. linifolia, Eremophila debilis, and African Olive *Olea europea subsp. cuspidata are bird-dispersed and are more abundant under large trees.

Insects are important pollinators of both native and exotic species. The introduced Honey Bee *Apis mellifera is very common and pollinates both exotic and native species. Little is known about the pollination of most of the native woodland species.

Insect herbivory has a major impact in the woodland plants. Leaf-eating insects include the larvae of Painted Vine Moth, Agarista agricola feeding on Cayratia clematidea leaves. Periodic defoliation of eucalypts (dieback) occurs when canopy-eating insects build up in unusually large numbers due to particular environmental or climatic conditions.

Seed predation may be direct, or it may be by parasitism whereby eggs are laid in the developing fruit, hatch out and eat seeds within the fruit, e.g. Desmodium brachypodum. While some ant species eat seeds, ants may also move seeds around.

Breakdown of dead plant material by insects such as termites is an important component in recycling of biomass particularly in the absence of fire. Asterisk * indicates exotic species naturalised at the Australian Botanic Garden.

• Ants, bees and wasps
• Beetles
• Bugs and cicades
• Butterflies and moths
• Cockroaches
• Dragonflies
• Flies
• Grasshoppers
• Earwigs, lacewings, and crustaceans

Find out more about the endangered Cumberland Plain Land Snail including distribution, habitat and recovery planning.

Asterisk * indicates exotic species naturalised at Mount Annan Botanic Garden.